Abstract

The escalating threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has sparked a resurgence of global interest in bacteriophages as a therapeutic alternative. Recent advances in bio-based materials have significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of bacteriophages. This review focuses on the current studies on integrating different materials for encapsulating, delivering, and stabilizing bacteriophages, emphasizing improved delivery systems, target specificity, and efficacy. We comprehensively analyze natural polymers (e.g., alginate, chitosan) and protein-based carriers employed in phage encapsulation. Furthermore, hydrogel, nanoparticle, and possible bio-based scaffolding were reviewed for their roles in stabilizing bacteriophages and ensuring localized and targeted delivery. Bacteriophages are encapsulated and, released controlled within hydrogels, bio-based nanoparticles, and scaffolds. Preclinical animal models and clinical applications of combination therapies with other antimicrobials have demonstrated enhanced efficacy in combination with bacteriophages. This discussion revolves around the transformative potential of different delivery systems in advancing bacteriophage therapy.

Keywords: Infections, Antibiotic resistance, Phage Therapy, Phage delivery, Encapsulation